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In an H Bridge you can control the direction of motors from clockwise to anticlockwise. The connections of the H bridge are shown below. H-Bridge                           we have used four transistors to construct the H bridge. The 4 transistors and the load are arranged in the shape of H. Hence it is referred to as H- bridge. case 1: When A and A' are High ( B and B' are Low) when a current is supplied to the base of transistor A and A'. the two transistors start to conduct. Here no current is supplied to the base of transistor B and B'. Hence current flows from A to A'. .which makes the transistor rotate in clockwise direction. case 2: When B and B' are High (A and A' are Low) when a current is supplied to the base of transistor B and B'. The two transistors start to conduct.here no current is supplied to the base of transistor A and A'. Hence current flows from B to B'. which makes the transistor rotate in anti-clockwise direction. Note: For

We use switch in our day to day life to switch ON/OFF a bulb or a fan or  any electrical devices. But when we use switches in digital circuits, we observe a phenomenon called bouncing. This occurs because, when we turn the switch, the mechanical parts vibrate. i.e It toggles between ON and OFF state for some time until the mechanical contact attain equilibrium. this vibrations are minute and are not at all noticeable in electrical circuit. where as in digital circuits, these vibrations create pulses. which are detected by circuits which results in an error.               In the above circuit, there is a switch connected to VCC. You can toggle it between terminal 'a' and terminal 'b'. which as a voltage drop of 'Va' and 'Vb' respectively. In digital circuits if you can observe, it takes a finite amount of time to toggle between terminal 'a' and 'b'. which might approximately take 15ns. Now let us consider the terminal is at 'a'. we

MODEL 1 WATER COOLING SYSTEM TESTING We all have a desktop at our disposal. So one day I came across the idea to overclock my desktop so that I can play games without a lag and will be faster. If you have seen full metal alchemist, you might know what is equivalent trade. Here for the increased in performance, there is an increase in the processor temperature. as the temperature of the CPU increases the the CPU starts to degrade. In other words, the life of the system decreases. to prevent this a proper cooling system must be designed  to keep the CPU temperature in check. The heat sink the manufacturers provide cannot dissipate so much of heat. so I decided to make a better cooling system for my system and ended in making a water cooled system. I took two days to make the first model and 4 hrs to make the second model. with my home made water cooling system, I saw a drop of 12 degree Celsius compared to the conventional heat sinks. the 12 degree temperature drop is a very good number.

In this post we will learn how to use JK flip flop as a latch. i.e. for one pulse, the circuit continues to stay in the ON state until the next pulse. and the circuit continues to be in the OFF state till the next pulse. This can be achieved by using toggle mode in JK flip flop. TRUTH TABLE: IC 7476 J       k       set '      reset'        Q      Q' 1       1        1            1               Toggle IC CD4026 J       k       set       reset         Q      Q' 1       1        0           0               Toggle Note: Set is referred as PRE or preset. Reset is referred as CLR or clear. Refer the Datasheet of the JK flip flop you are using to check whether it is set' and reset' or just set and reset. in the later case you should make set and reset as 0 instead of 1.Example: IC CD4026 has set and reset, whereas IC 7476  has set' and reset'. Refer the data sheet to check whether the JK flip flop you are using is low-high trigger or high to low. accordingly c