CIRCUIT:

Components:

· IC555-1

· 330E-1

· LED-1

· 39k-1

WORKING:

This is the circuit which gives visual indications of the liquid level. LED glows as soon as the water level reaches the upper level (when the water submerges the two probes). hang two loose wires in a glass. Fill the glass with water. As water touches both the wires, it completes the circuit and LED glows. In this circuit, water acts like a resistor and completes the circuit.

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Switch debouncer using SR Latch

We use switch in our day to day life to switch ON/OFF a bulb or a fan or any electrical devices. But when we use switches in digital circuits, we observe a phenomenon called bouncing. This occurs because, when we turn the switch, the mechanical parts vibrate. i.e It toggles between ON and OFF state for some time until the mechanical contact attain equilibrium. this vibrations are minute and are not at all noticeable in electrical circuit. where as in digital circuits, these vibrations create pulses. which are detected by circuits which results in an error. In the above circuit, there is a switch connected to VCC. You can toggle it between terminal 'a' and terminal 'b'. which as a voltage drop of 'Va' and 'Vb' respectively. In digital circuits if you can observe, it takes a finite amount of time to toggle between terminal 'a' and 'b'. which might approximately take 15ns. Now let us consider the terminal is at 'a'. we

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CIRCUIT: Program: #INCLUDE p18f452.INC ORG 0 CLRF TRISD L1 SETF PORTD CALL DELAY CLRF PORTD CALL DELAY GOTO L1 DELAY MOVLW 0xff MOVWF 0x10 L2 DECF 0x10,F BNZ L2 RETURN END

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Water level Indicator